Abstract
More knowledge is needed regarding what works to prevent oral health problems and reduce disparities in oral health. Motivational interviewing (MI) has demonstrated utility for improving health behavior, including among those with severe mental illness. This study tests whether MI enhances the efficacy of an oral health education intervention in individuals with severe mental illness. Sixty individuals were randomly assigned to MI plus oral health education or oral health education alone. Plaque scores, oral health knowledge, and self regulation were assessed at baseline and at 4 and 8 weeks. Repeated measures ANOVA showed improvement (p < 0.05) in plaque, autonomous regulation, and oral health knowledge across time for both groups; however, individuals receiving MI improved significantly more when compared with those receiving oral health education alone. Results suggest that MI is effective for enhancing short-term oral health behavior change for people with severe mental illness and may be useful for the general population.
Introduction
There have been numerous calls for improving our knowledge of what works to prevent oral health problems and to reduce disparities in oral health status experienced by disadvantaged groups. For those with severe mental illness, the illness and xerostomia associated pharmacological management puts individuals at greater risk for tooth decay, periodontal diseases, and increased requirements for periodontal treatment, dental restorations, and dental extractions. schizophrenia in individuals with severe mental illness may affect their ability and desire to perform preventive oral hygiene procedures. Furthermore, increased use of candy, chewing gum, and carbonated beverages to combat xerostomia can further promote tooth decay. Consequently, preventive dental education is particularly important for people with severe mental illness. Although dental health education has positive effects on plaque accumulation and knowledge level, effects are relatively weak and may be short-lived. The effects of educational interventions may be improved by enhancing individuals’ motivation to implement and maintain behavioral changes. Motivational interviewing (MI) is effective in enhancing motivation for changing a wide range of health behaviors, including oral hygiene. MI uses specific methods to elicit the individual’s “internal” motivation to foster autonomous self-regulation, rather than the practitioner providing “external” reasons to persuade the individual to change. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether providing a brief MI session immediately before an oral health education session would enhance the education effect. It was hypothesized that MI plus oral health education would reduce plaque scores and improve knowledge and autonomous self-regulation more than would oral health education alone, at the four and eight week follow ups.
Methods
Sample Adults (N = 60) with severe mental illness, with at least 1 gradable tooth in each sextant, were recruited from a community program. Sample size was determined through power analysis. Variance estimates for the primary outcome measure, plaque scores, were based on our previous study, with a meaningful difference of 15% set for effect size, with alpha at 0.05 and power (1-β) at 0.80. Participants were randomly assigned to treatment groups by a scientist not directly involved in study implementation or data collection. Simple random assignment was accomplished by means of a random numbers table. Individuals were excluded for obvious periodontal disease, orthodontic appliances, significant physical or cognitive disabilities, not having access to a ‘phone, or currently using a mechanical toothbrush. This study was approved by the University of Kansas Medical School Institutional Review Board, and all participants provided full and informed consent.
All measures were obtained at baseline and 4 and 8 weeks following intervention. We used the 'Modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index' to score the primary outcome variable, plaque accumulation, on the oral and lingual surfaces of 'Ramfjord’s teeth' at each time point. If any of these teeth was missing or not gradable, the closest tooth was graded. We obtained a person level plaque score by averaging plaque scores for all teeth at each visit. A single examiner, who was calibrated to a “gold standard” examiner prior to study implementation, conducted all oral examinations. Although the examiner was not blind to group assignment, a blinded validity check on 10 randomly selected participants (5 per group) at the eight week appointment by the gold standard examiner revealed very high reliability between examiners (r = 0.976). A 15 item Oral Health Knowledge questionnaire was developed and evaluated for face validity by a panel of three clinicians with expertise in survey methods, and then pilot tested in a sample of five individuals with severe mental illness to ensure that participants could understand the questions. Possible scores ranged from 0 to 34. The questionnaire was shown to possess good internal consistency. We used the Treatment Self-regulation Questionnaire (TSRQ) concerning oral hygiene to assess each participant’s self-regulation for brushing his/her teeth regularly. The 'TSRQ' has adequate reliability and validity. The measure includes 2 sub scales (4 items each) assessing “autonomous” and “controlled regulation”. Autonomous regulation represents internalized motivation based on personal importance and a sense of acting in congruence with one’s values and needs. Controlled self-regulation is less internalized and is based on external rewards and punishments, or to avoid guilt or anxiety.
抽象的な口腔の健康上の問題を防止し、口腔の健康格差を減らすために働くものについてより多くの知識が必要です。動機づけ面接 (MI) 間で重度の精神障害とのそれらを含む保健行動を改善するためのユーティリティを実証しています。本研究は MI の重度の精神障害を持つ個人で口腔健康教育の介入効果が増強するかどうかをテストします。60 人は MI プラス口内保健教育や口腔保健教育だけでランダムに割り当てられました。プラーク スコアと口腔の健康、自主規制は 4 〜 8 週でベースラインを評価しました。反復測定分散分析で改善を示した (p < 0.05) プラーク、自律制御および口腔保健知識; 両方のグループのための時間にわたってしかし、MI を受け取っている個人改善大幅により多くの場合単独で口腔健康教育を受けている人たちと比較して。MI は重度の精神障害を持つ人々 のための短期経口健康行動変容を強化するために効果的で、一般的な人口のために役に立つかもしれませんが示唆されました。導入口腔の健康上の問題を防ぐために、不利なグループによって経験される口腔内状況の格差を減らすために何の作品の我々 の知識を改善するための多数の呼出しがずっとあります。重度の精神障害、病気、口腔乾燥症とのそれらのために関連する薬理学的管理虫歯、歯周病、歯周治療、歯冠修復歯科抽出の増加の要件のためのより大きい危険に個人を置きます。重度の精神障害を持つ個人で統合失調症は、彼らの能力に影響を与えるし、予防の口腔衛生の手順を実行することを望む可能性があります。さらに、お菓子、チューインガム、戦闘 xerostomia を炭酸飲料の使用の増加さらに虫歯を促進することができます。したがって、予防歯科教育は重度の精神障害を持つ人々 のため特に重要です。歯科保健教育に歯垢の蓄積と知識レベルに肯定的な効果は、効果は比較的弱いと短時間可能性があります。教育的介入の効果は実装および行動の変化を維持する個人のモチベーションを高めるによって改善される可能性があります。動機づけ面接 (MI) は含む口腔保健行動の広い範囲を変更するためのモチベーションを高めるに有効です。MI は医師を変更する個人を説得する「外部」の理由を提供するよりもむしろ自治自主規制を促進する個人の「内部」モチベーションを引き出すために特定のメソッドを使用します。本研究の目的は、口腔健康教育セッションの前にすぐに簡単な MI セッションを提供する教育効果を高めるためだろうかどうかを調査するために。MI プラス口内保健教育はプラークのスコアーを減らすし、知識と自律的自主規制を向上させる以上口内保健教育の 4 〜 8 週間に単独でに従うだろうという仮説を立てた ups。メソッド大人のサンプル (N = 60) 各六分儀で少なくとも 1 な歯を伴う重度の精神障害を持つコミュニティ プログラムから募集されました。サンプル サイズは、パワー解析を通して決定されました。主要転帰指標の分散の見積もりプラーク スコアは効果のサイズは、アルファ 0.05 と電源 (1-β) 0.80 に設定 15 % の意味のある違いと私たち以前の研究に基づいていた。参加者が無作為に治療グループ研究の実施やデータ コレクションに直接関与していないの科学者によって。簡単なランダムな割り当ては乱数表によって達成されました。個人へのアクセスを持っていない明らかな歯周疾患、矯正装置、重大な身体または認知能力の障害、除外された、' 携帯電話、または機械的な歯ブラシを使用して現在。本研究は医療学校制度レビュー ボードとすべての完全提供参加者とインフォームド・コンセント カンザス大学によって承認されました。All measures were obtained at baseline and 4 and 8 weeks following intervention. We used the 'Modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index' to score the primary outcome variable, plaque accumulation, on the oral and lingual surfaces of 'Ramfjord’s teeth' at each time point. If any of these teeth was missing or not gradable, the closest tooth was graded. We obtained a person level plaque score by averaging plaque scores for all teeth at each visit. A single examiner, who was calibrated to a “gold standard” examiner prior to study implementation, conducted all oral examinations. Although the examiner was not blind to group assignment, a blinded validity check on 10 randomly selected participants (5 per group) at the eight week appointment by the gold standard examiner revealed very high reliability between examiners (r = 0.976). A 15 item Oral Health Knowledge questionnaire was developed and evaluated for face validity by a panel of three clinicians with expertise in survey methods, and then pilot tested in a sample of five individuals with severe mental illness to ensure that participants could understand the questions. Possible scores ranged from 0 to 34. The questionnaire was shown to possess good internal consistency. We used the Treatment Self-regulation Questionnaire (TSRQ) concerning oral hygiene to assess each participant’s self-regulation for brushing his/her teeth regularly. The 'TSRQ' has adequate reliability and validity. The measure includes 2 sub scales (4 items each) assessing “autonomous” and “controlled regulation”. Autonomous regulation represents internalized motivation based on personal importance and a sense of acting in congruence with one’s values and needs. Controlled self-regulation is less internalized and is based on external rewards and punishments, or to avoid guilt or anxiety.
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